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National Decision-Making on COVID-19 Travel Measures

Lee, Kelley. “Canada’s pandemic response and future preparedness.” BMJ 382, no. 8393 (2023): 1622. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p1622.
Piper, J., Gomis, B., & Lee, K. “Guided by science and evidence”? The politics of border management in Canada's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.” Frontiers in Political Science. 19 April 2022.
Lee, K., Greenhill, R., Piper, J, Gomis B. Three solutions for Canada to ease travel restrictions at lower risk. 12 July 2021.
Piper, J., Gomis, B., & Lee, K. “Canada needs to fix border management now to prevent fourth wave.” The Conversation. June 29 2021. ‍Lee, K.,
Piper, J., Gomis, B., Greenhill, R. Expert Advisory Panel Report on COVID-19 Testing and Quarantine at Canada's Borders: Comments on Analysis and Recommendations. Pandemics & Borders Project and Global Canada. Briefing Note 2. June 2021.
Lee, K., Piper, J., Grépin, K. Addressing Key Gaps in Border Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Preventing a fourth wave in Canada. Briefing Note 1. May 2021.
Lee, K., Nicol, A. Piper, J., Crooks, V. “Closing some of the U.S.-Canada land border crossings could help control the COVID-19 pandemic.” The Conversation. 11 March 2021.
Lee, K., Nicol, A. “Why Canada doesn’t know how many COVID-19 cases are linked to travel.” The Conversation. 1 February 2021.
Lee K., Akuffo E., Shaw T. “Canada's COVID-19 response: Navigating national and global solidarity.” The Roundtable (Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs). 27 April 2020.

International Travel Measures During COVID-19: Risk, Impacts, & Effectiveness

Worsnop C, Le Truong M, Dhar R, Grepin K, Lee K. International travel measures imposed by the United States during COVID-19 (January 2020-May 2023) varied by type, target, and over time. Globalization and Health (in press)
Lee K, Williams J, Wu YC, Kim YM, Lee SY, Howard N, Zhumatova S. The use of quarantine as a travel measure during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative analysis of ‘exemplar” countries. PLoS Global Public Health 2025; 5(11): e0005457. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0005457
Worsnop, Catherine Z. “International Border Restrictions During COVID-19 as Global Health Security Theatre.” British Journal of Political Science 55, no.e48 (2025): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123424000784.
Grépin, K.A., Song, M., Piper, J. et al (2024). “The adoption of international travel measures during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: a descriptive analysis.” Global Health. 20, 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-024-01071-7‍
Piper, J., Hollmann, L., Hong, Z., Lee, K. (2024). Effectiveness of border closures/travel restrictions, screening and/or quarantine to control the international spread of COVID- 19: An updated rapid review. Pandemics and Borders Project. March 2024.
Lee, K., Zhumatova S., Worsnop,C., and Bazak, Y.L. (2024). “Understanding the secondary outcomes of international travel measures during the covid-19 pandemic: a scoping review of social impact evidence.” Globalization and Health 20, no. 59: 1–24.‍
Bazak, Ying Liu, Beate Sander, Eric Werker, Salta Zhumatova, Catherine Z. Worsnop, and Kelley Lee. “The economic impact of international travel measures used during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review.” BMJ Global Health 9, no. 2 (2024): 1-10. DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013900.
Grépin Karen Ann, John Aston, and Jacob Burns. “Effectiveness of international border control measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative synthesis of published systematic reviews.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 381, no. 2257 (2023): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2023.0134.
Lee K, Piper J, Fang J. “Using Risk Analysis to Shape Border Management: A Review of Approaches during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Migration Policy Institute. 24 January 2023.
Fang J, Lee K, Piper J. “Canada’s new COVID test rules: Targeting travellers from China will not stop globally circulating Omicron subvariant.” The Conversation. 15 January 2023.‍
Worsnop, Catherine Z., Karen A Grépin, Kelley Lee, and Summer Marion. “The Unintended Consequences of Information Provision: The World Health Organization and Border Restrictions during COVID-19.” International Studies Perspectives 24, no. 1 (2022): 39–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekac010.
Lee, K. “Strengthening the science and politics of border management in pandemic preparedness and response.” Political Determinants of Health Collective Blog, 7 June 2022. ‍
Lee, K. “The World Needs a Better Strategy for COVID Travel Restrictions.” Foreign Affairs. 9 December 2021.‍
Grépin, K. “I studied covid travel bans. It’s already too late for them to stop omicron.” The Washington Post. 29 November 2021.
Gomis, B., Piper, J., & Lee, K. “COVID-19 and border restrictions: Here’s what the parties’ election platforms say about controlling the fourth wave.” The Conversation. 13 September 2021.‍
Lee, K. “Restarting international travel will be messy but enabled by improved risk-based analyses.” Lancet Regional Commentary — Western Pacific. 20 July 2021
Grépin, K., Ho T.L., Liu, Z., Marion, S., Piper, J., Worsnop, C., Lee, K. “ Evidence of the effectiveness of travel-related measures during the early phase of the COVID- 19 pandemic: a rapid systematic review.” BMJ Global Health. March 2021.
Crooks, V., Nicol A., Cadesky, E., Snyder, J., Lee, K. “COVID-19 hotel quarantine: Exemption for ‘essential’ medical travel confuses doctors, patients.” The Conversation. 28 February 2021.
Lee, Kelley, Julianne Piper, and Jennifer Fang. “Advancing a Risk-Based Approach to Border Management during Public Health Emergencies of International Concern.” In Pandemics, Public Health, and the Regulation of Borders: Lessons from COVID-19, ed. Colleen M. Flood, Y.Y. Brandon Chen, Raywat Deonandan, Sam Halabi, Sophie Thériault, 365–375. London: Routledge, 2024.
Lee, K. “Testing times for the NHL playoffs: Keeping players safe during the COVID-19 pandemic.” Hockey in Society. 31 May 2020.
Worsnop, C. “COVID-19 may increase the risk of human trafficking: Prevention efforts should start now.” Political Violence at a Glance. 4 May 2020.
Worsnop, C. “China’s Coronavirus Outbreak Has Prompted Some Travel Restrictions. That Could Backfire.” Washington Post (Monkey Cage). 24 January 2020.

Pandemic Governance and the International Health Regulations

Lee, Kelley, and Julianne Piper. “Latest revisions to the International Health Regulations will fail to prevent future travel chaos.” BMJ Global Health 10, no. 1 (2025): e017077. DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2024-017077.
Worsnop, Catherine Z., and Summer Marion. “Foreign Policy and Global Health.” In The Oxford Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis, eds. Juliet Kaarbo and Cameron G. Thies, 651–669. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024
Worsnop, Catherine Z., Samuel Nass, Karen Ann Grépin, and Kelley Lee. “An analysis of WHO’s Temporary Recommendations on international travel and trade measures during Public Health Emergencies of International Concern.” BMJ Global Health 8, no. 7 (2023): 1–14. DOI:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012615.
Piper J, Lee K. “Learning from COVID-19: The global health emergency has ended. Here’s what is needed to prepare for the next one.” The Conversation. 14 May 2023.
Lee K, Lexchin J, Plamondon K, Habibi R. “The WHO’s international pandemic treaty: Meaningful public engagement must inform Canada’s negotiations.” The Conversation. 23 April 2023.
Lee K. “The Global Governance of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases.” Council on Foreign Relations. 13 February 2023.‍
Worsnop, C. “Border Management After COVID-19: New Strategies Required.” Think Global Health. 3 November 2021.
Lee, K. “Rethinking Border Management and Global Health Security after the Pandemic.” Think Global Health. 1 September 2021.
Worsnop C., Kamradt-Scott, A., Lee, K., Grépin K., Marion, S., Piper, J., Rothery, F. “Legal compliance is not enough: cross-border travel and trade measures and COVID-19.” International Studies Review. 8 March 2021.
Wernli, D, Lee, K, et al. “Building societal resilience to COVID-19 and future pandemics: A synthesis of the literature and a governance framework for action.” Geneva Science-Policy Interface, Pre-print. Geneva, January 2021.
Lee, K., Piper, J. “The WHO and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Less Reform, More Innovation.” Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations. 23 November 2020.
Lee, K. “Global infectious disease governance: Getting off the WHO reform merry-go-round.” The UN at 75: Coronavirus and Competition, Perry World House. Fall 2020.
Lee, K. “WHO under fire: The need to elevate the quality of politics in global health.” Global Social Policy. 18 October 2020.
Lee, K., Worsnop C., Grépin K., Kamradt-Scott, A. “Global coordination on cross-border travel and trade measures crucial to COVID-19 response.” The Lancet. 14 May 2020.
Worsnop, C. “Concealing Disease: Trade and Travel Barriers and the Timeliness of Outbreak Reporting.” International Studies Perspectives. 21 May 2019.
Worsnop, C. “Provoking Barriers: The 2014 Ebola Outbreak and Unintended Consequences of WHO’s Power to Declare a Public Health Emergency.” Global Health Governance Blog. 20 May 2017
Lee, K, Piper, J. “Reviving the role of the Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN) in global epidemic intelligence.” In Amarasingam A, Juneau T, West L, eds. Stress Tested: The Canadian National Security and Intelligence Community and the Covid-19 Pandemic. 2021.
Worsnop, C. “Domestic politics and the WHO’s International Health Regulations: Explaining the use of trade and travel barriers during disease outbreaks.” The Review of International Organizations. 26 November 2016.‍

Methodologies and Tools to Support Decision Making

https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003394006Purewal, Simran, and Julia Smith. “Preparing for the next health crisis: COVID-19 showed the importance of community-engaged research.” The Conversation. Last modified April 8, 2024. https://theconversation.com/preparing-for-the-next-health-crisis-covid-19-showed-the-importance-of-community-engaged-research-224669.
Zhumatova, S., Lee, K., Worsnop, C., Piper, J. (2023) Pandemics and Borders Project: Travel Measures and COVID-19 Coding Protocol. Burnaby, BC, Canada.‍
Lee, K., Piper, J., Fang, J. “Advancing a risk-based approach to border management during public health emergencies of international concern: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic.” In Flood C, Halabi S, Chen YY. eds. Borders, Boundaries and Pandemics. London: Routledge (in press).
Wernier D., Tedioso F., Blanchet K., Lee K., Morel C., Pittet D., Levrat N., Young O. (in press). “A complexity lens on the COVID-19 pandemic.” International Journal of Health Policy and Management. May 2021.
Lee, K., Grépin, K., Worsnop C., Marion, S., Piper, J., Song, M. “Managing Borders During Public Health Emergencies of International Concern: A Proposed Typology of Cross-border Health Measures.” Globalization and Health. 21 June 2021.

Other Global Health Policy and Governance Issues

Lee K., Piper J, Nonis M. A Proposal for Transforming the Global Health Architecture, Paper from the Europe and North America Region. Wellcome Trust, London, August 2025. https://wellcome.org/reports/bold-ideas-reformed-global-health-system?utm_source=linkedin&utm_medium=o-wellcome#downloads-6943
Smith J, Bettis J, Bissonnette A, Piper J, Lee K. News reporting on travel restrictions between Canada and the US during COVID-19: An equity-based analysis. Social Sciences and Humanities Open 2026; 13: Article 102770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102770
Mueller, Valerie, Camila Páez-Bernal, Clark Gray, and Karen Grépin. “The Gendered Consequences of COVID-19 for Internal Migration.” Population Research and Policy Review 42, no. 60 (2023): 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-023-09809-8.
Lacy-Nichols J, Nandi S, Mialon M, et al. “Conceptualising commercial entities in public health: Beyond unhealthy commodities and transnational corporations.” The Lancet. April 2023‍‍
Fejfar, Donald, Afom T. Andom, Meba Msuya, Marc Antoine Jeune, Wesler Lambert, Prince F. Varney, Moses Banda Aron, Emilia Connolly, Ameyalli Juárez, Zeus Aranda, et al. “The impact of COVID-19 and national pandemic responses on health service utilisation in seven low- and middle-income countries.” Global Health Action 16, no. 1 (2023): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2023.2178604.‍
Wernli, D., Lee, K., et al. “Building a multisystemic understanding of societal resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic.” BMJ Global Health. 22 July 2021.
Mũrage, Alice, Haaris Tiwana, and Julia Smith. “Future pandemics demand a response that’s better focused on inequities.” Policy Options. Last modified August 2, 2023. https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/august-2023/intersectional-pandemic-response/.
Ellegaard-Jensen, Lea, Pedro N. Carvalho, Muhammad Zohaib Anwar, Morten Dencker Schostag, Kai Bester, and Carsten Suhr Jacobsen. “Concurrent stimulation of diflufenican biodegradation and changes in the active microbiome in gravel revealed by Total RNA” (preprint, posted August 31, 2023). https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.08.31.555673.
Anwar, M.Z., I. Gill, M. Iseminger, A. Sehar, K. Igwacho, K. Vora, G. Van Domselaar,P. Gordon, and W. Hsiao. “Identifying the next mutation of concern – exploiting genomics for tracking SARS-COV-2 mutations and their biological impact in Canada.” International Journal of Infectious Diseases 130 (2023): S1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2023.04.010.
Duff J., Saavedra J., Szapoznik J., Lee K. et al. “A global public health convention for the 21st century.” The Lancet Public Health. 6 May 2021.

Publications

National Decision-Making on COVID-19 Travel Measures

International Travel Measures During COVID-19: Risk, Impacts, & Effectiveness

Pandemic Governance and the International Health Regulations

Methodologies and Tools to Support Decision Making

Other Global Health Policy and Governance Issues